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Interval training is characterized by short bursts of intense activities that elicit ≥90% of V ˙O 2max, >75% of maximal power or supra-maximal effort, with periods of rest or low-intensity exercise for recovery. Finally, a brief overview of the mechanisms underlying the physiological adaptations in response to high-intensity interval training is presented. In this review, after defining the types of different interval-training models, the findings of some selected high-intensity interval-training studies that have received considerable interest due to their novel findings on exercise capacity and health, which can be considered milestone studies in the related literature, are presented. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study to date has applied a historical approach.

There are numerous excellent reviews on the effects of interval training on exercise capacity and general health in healthy and clinic populations as well as the mechanisms underlying these effects. Therefore, research has recently focused on interval training models, which consist of brief periods of intense activity performed with a “near-maximal” or “all-out” effort corresponding to ≥90 of maximal oxygen uptake ( V ˙O 2max) or >75% of maximal power, interspersed with passive or active recovery periods, that can induce similar or even greater physiological adaptations when compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), which generally consists of 30–60 min of moderate-intensity exercise at 40% to <60% of oxygen consumption reserve. However, the lack of sufficient time is the most common barrier to adhering to regular exercise. The recently updated World Health Organization 2020 Guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behavior recommend performing at least 150 to 300 min of moderate-intensity physical activity, or 75 to 150 min of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise, per week to achieve substantial health benefits. Despite these well-documented benefits of exercise, a third of adults and four-fifths of adolescents-approximately 1.4 billion people-do not meet public health guidelines for recommended levels of exercise, making physical inactivity a global problem. ” Evidence-based scientific guidelines suggest that exercise is a novel non-pharmacological strategy in the prevention and management of chronic diseases. For centuries, exercise has long been prescribed by physicians as a medicine for their patients, and quotes attributed to Hippocrates, the father of Western medicine, include: “Walking is man’s best medicine” and “if there is a deficiency in food and exercise, the body will fall sick. Further, an overview of the mechanisms underlying the physiological adaptations in response to high-intensity interval training is provided.Įxercise is a cornerstone in the primary prevention of chronic diseases including diabetes mellitus, cancer, obesity, hypertension, coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and depression. In this paper, a brief history of high-intensity interval training is presented, based on the novel findings of some selected studies on exercise capacity and health, starting from the early 1920s to date. Research has indicated that high-intensity interval training induces numerous physiological adaptations that improve exercise capacity (maximal oxygen uptake, aerobic endurance, anaerobic capacity etc.) and metabolic health in both clinical and healthy (athletes, active and inactive individuals without any apparent disease or disorder) populations. Although there is no universal definition, high-intensity interval exercise is characterized by repeated short bursts of intense activity, performed with a “near maximal” or “all-out” effort corresponding to ≥90% of maximal oxygen uptake or >75% of maximal power, with periods of rest or low-intensity exercise. This issue has resulted in momentum for interval training models known to elicit higher enjoyment and induce adaptations similar to or greater than moderate-intensity continuous training, despite a lower total exercise volume. Accumulating evidence shows that lack of time is a major impediment to exercise, causing physical inactivity worldwide. Engaging in regular exercise results in a range of physiological adaptations offering benefits for exercise capacity and health, independent of age, gender or the presence of chronic diseases.